Assessing robustness in multimodal transportation systems: a case study in Lisbon

Abstract Introduction Worldwide public transport systems are exposed to disruptions caused by malfunctions, accidents, maintenance, reduced fleet, and disasters, compromising mobility. Transport networks’ multimodal planning management can be explored increase their robustness against these events. In this context, research paper proposes empirically compares methods assess the of a network, looking at aspects regarding single-mode network topology. Materials Methods We hypothesize that appropriate multilayered traffic sensitive modeling help characterize further unravel vulnerabilities related integration different modes. Using metric-based targeting, we evaluate how decreases performance when simulating failures on stations pathways using scenarios. The following six extraction strategies for nodes edges were used in simulation: Random removal; Initial Degree Betweenness Recalculate Multimodal Hubs removal. Lisbon’s is as case study modeled multiplex integrating eight modes transport. Proposing novel normalized version assessing impact failures, able compare side each modality layer, regardless size. Lastly, simulate cascading events such breakdown an entire transportation line. Conclusions ways induce observe leave all completely disconnected, would need remove about half nodes, highlighting Lisbon network. Comparing failure scenarios, rely recalculating metrics yield higher assessment. quantified, showing generally more dangerous than offering views consequences deactivating particular modules. Overall, results allow decision-makers gain understanding topological